Pipeline Ending Manifold (English Ver.)

The PLEM (pipeline end manifold) is a connection point between the main pipeline and a subsea structure or a branch pipeline. It is independent of type of connector and connection system.The PLEM has facilities for pig launching and/or receival and can be equipped with a retrievable check valve module (CVM). The header is equipped with a ball valve, to isolate the line, allowing recovery of the Pig Launcher / Receiver.

Manifold Components

A manifold is typically composed of the following major components:

• Pipework and valves – contains and controls the production and injection fluids.
• Structure framework – protects and supports the pipework and valves.
• Subsea connection equipment – allows subsea tie-in of multiple pieces of equipment. Types include vertical, horizontal and stab-and-hinge-over connections.
• Foundation – interface between the manifold structure and seabed.
• Controls Equipment – allows the remote control of any hydraulically actuated subsea manifold valves and the monitoring of production and injection fluids. Control pods may be either internal or external to the manifold.

Pipework and Valves

Valves on the manifold are essential for directing and controlling the flows. They can be either manual or hydraulically actuated. Sometimes chemical injection valves are placed on the manifold as well.

• Branch valves are generally slab type gate valves (similar to tree valves). Their sizes are based on the production/injection tree size.
• Flowline header valves are also gate type, but ball valves have been used previously. Their sizes are based on the flowline size.
• Materials are chosen for compatibility with production and injection fluids. Most of time, it is CRA-clad.
• Double barrier philosophy generally used against production fluids.
• Two valves in series
• One valve and one pressure cap
• Primary seal is generally a metal-to-metal seal

A wide range of pipework configurations is possible. Each header connects to an individual flowline. the pipework sizing is based on the tree piping size and the flowline diameters. The main circuit is designed to accommodate pigging operations. The material of construction needs to be compatible with production and injection fluids.

• Test headers can be incorporated to test individual or groups of trees
• Test headers can be a second or even third header isolated in the manifold

• Insulation may be required for unscheduled or emergency shutdowns

Framework Structure

The framework is a welded structure to provide support for the pipework and valves and contain the foundation interface structure. The pipework is allowed to float inside the framework within limits and it is not rigidly attached to the frame. The frame can also be used for lifting and landing of the jumper tie-in tools.

Tie-ins to wells and flowlines

The tie-in hubs placed on the outer edge of the manifold, which are used to tie-in jumpers that bring in fluid from the production wells and export fluid into the flowlines (production manifold). The tie-in sizing is based on the tree piping size and the flowline diameters. and the loads applied from the flowlines

Foundation

• Mud mats – a simple foundation resting directly on the seabed, generally with a short skirt around the perimeter to resist lateral loads.
• Piles – long cylindrical structures embedded into the soil intended to hold a subsea structure above the seabed. Foundations may utilize one or more individual piles.
• Intermediate Structures – an intermediate structure can be used to interface a subsea manifold with a pile foundation to reduce weight of the manifold structure or to ease retrieval of the manifold. Intermediate structures can be either retrievable or permanent structures.

Control System

Control system for the manifolds is the same as the control system for the trees. Multiple options for the control system have been used in the manifold design

• No controls on the manifold. The manifold is controlled by tree subsea control modules (SCMs).
• SCMs on the manifold.
• Manifold with control system distribution units with flying leads going to trees.

Deployment method

The following vessels are typically used for manifold deployment:

• Drill Rig: through moon pool or keel-hauled on drill string
• Heavy Lift vessels (Derrick Barges): through moon pool or over side
• Work-class vessels: over side on crane or winch

The following equipments are typically required:

• Manifold hydraulic installation tool
• Sling sets, either wire rope or synthetic fiber

Sources:

• http://pipelinengineer.blogspot.co.id/2015/01/pipeline-ending-manifold.html
• http://deoharita.blogspot.co.id/2015/02/pipeline-ending-manifold-plem-plet.html